Retrospective Evaluation of Cairo Classification of Gingival Recession Following Orthodontic Debonding Among Different Malocclusion Types

Abstract

The present retrospective institutional study aimed to evaluate the Cairo classification of gingival recession following orthodontic debonding among different malocclusion types. A total of 560 patient records from January 2020 to January 2025 were analyzed, including individuals who had completed fixed orthodontic treatment with comprehensive periodontal documentation.

Gingival recession was classified according to Cairo classification as RT1, RT2, and RT3, and its association with malocclusion types and periodontal parameters was assessed. Results demonstrated that RT1 recession defects were the most prevalent at 44.3 percent, followed by RT2 at 35.9 percent and RT3 at 19.8 percent.

Class II Division 1 and Class III malocclusions showed a significantly higher prevalence of advanced recession defects RT2 and RT3, whereas Class I malocclusion predominantly exhibited RT1 defects. Additionally, patients with severe recession RT3 demonstrated higher plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss, indicating compromised periodontal health.

Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between malocclusion type and severity of gingival recession with a p value less than 0.05.

Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that certain malocclusion patterns, particularly Class II Division 1 and Class III, are associated with increased risk and severity of gingival recession following orthodontic debonding. Early identification of at risk patients and implementation of preventive periodontal strategies during orthodontic treatment may help improve long term periodontal outcomes.