Integrative Perspectives on Ficus carica (Moraceae): Mechanistic Insights, Phytochemical Diversity, Genetic Basis, and Formulation Potential

Abstract

Ficus carica is one of the earliest food in history and its nutritional value, medicinal importance and ecological niche are no less significant as well especially in
temperate regions of several mediterranean, middle eastern and asian countries. This review gathers some available data on its taxonomic, botanical and
physiological features bringing attention to complex biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites (phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, coumarins) which are
responsible for antioxidant activities as well as anti-inflammatory responses and stress resistance in this semi aquatic plant. Molecular genetics findings
demonstrate complex networks of genes underlying these pathways, extensive genetic variation among and within wild and cultivated populations that contribute
many of the adaptive traits generated, including variation in phytochemical diversity. Its special natural occurrence properties from LM pectin to bioactive
polysaccharides can be exploited in different pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical uses. Despite rich traditions and new molecular data, we observed a
shortage of integrative studies that engage with metabolomics, genomics and formulation science. This review emphasizes these knowledge deficits and potential
future avenues for mechanistic understanding and novel product development to exploit the whole therapeutic properties of Ficus carica.