Advance membrane technology for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) effluent treatment and water recovery'

Abstract

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) systems are necessary for sustainable water management due to water scarcity and environmental regulations. Recent improvements in membrane-based technologies including RO, FO, and MD enhance water recovery and reduce liquid waste. Thin-film nanocomposites and graphene oxide-based membranes improve selectivity, permeability, fouling resistance, and energy efficiency. System hybrids with various membrane processes save money and improve performance. Energy consumption, membrane fouling, and solid waste processing restrict widespread adoption despite technological breakthroughs. Minimum Liquid Discharge (MLD) systems are also popular for resource-constrained areas due to their affordability. ZLD and MLD technologies promote water reuse, resource recovery, and industrial environmental footprint reduction, achieving global sustainability goals.