Assessment of Biogenic Amines in Resistant Starch Isolated from Banana Peel and Jackfruit Seed

Abstract

The rising need for functional ingredients abundant in dietary fiber and resistant starch (RS) has led to the investigation of low-cost, underutilized agricultural by-products. This study sought to extract resistant starch from banana peel and jackfruit seed, while evaluating their biogenic amine levels to guarantee safety and functional suitability in food formulations. We used enzymatic and heat-moisture treatment methods to get resistant starch. Then we used physicochemical characterization and chromatographic quantification to measure biogenic amines. The banana peel and jackfruit seed both had high RS yields (16.8% and 22.3%, respectively) and low digestibility indices, which means they could be used as slow-digesting starches. The biogenic amine test showed low levels of histamine (<10 mg/kg), putrescine, and tyramine. This means that there was little microbial contamination and the food was safe to eat. The results obtained show that local agricultural residue can be a safe, persistent source of resistant starch additionally adds fiber to your diet, which is in line with the principles of a circular bio economy.