Assessment of Water Quality, Ecological Degradation, and Purification Measures for Bhadawana Pond, Gwalior

Abstract

 Bhadawana Pond, a seasonal freshwater body in Gwalior, is undergoing ecological degradation due to untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and ritual waste. This study evaluates the pond's water quality through physico-chemical analysis, community surveys, and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) across pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Water samples were collected from the central pond, inlet, and outlet zones. Pre-monsoon results showed marginal pollution with WQI values of 17.69–35.57, while post-monsoon values ranged from 16.01–29.65, reflecting minor improvement in inflow but deterioration in core pond oxygen levels (DO < 3 mg/L). Correlation analysis revealed strong inverse relations between DO and BOD, COD, nitrates, and phosphates, indicating nutrient enrichment and eutrophication risk. Despite acceptable TDS and turbidity levels, elevated acidity, microbial load, and declining alkalinity were concerning. Restoration strategies such as constructed wetlands, desilting, and community engagement are proposed. The study underscores the need for integrated ecological and social interventions to rejuvenate urban ponds like Bhadawana.