Livelihood Resilience of Farmers in Response to Climate Change: A Systematic Review Using PRISMA Approach

Abstract

Globally, climate change threatens agricultural livelihoods byunderminingcrop yield, financial stability, food security, and resourcebasethat farmersrely on.This systematic review, guided byPRISMA(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)methodology, synthesises 60 peer-reviewed articles (2013-2026) fromScopus, Google Scholar, and ResearchGateto assess farmers' livelihood resilience in response to climate change. The main theoretical lensis the Livelihood Resilience Framework of Speranza et al.(2014), which consists of three interconnected dimensions;buffer capacity, self-organization, and learning capacity. The review explains the conceptand frameworkof livelihood resilience and documentshow farmersglobally are disproportionately affected by climate-related risks, thus highlighting the need for improving livelihood resilience of farmers in response to climate change.Evidence across studies demonstrate that enhancedlivelihood resilience is determined by four major categories of factors;government policy, infrastructure, and technology adoption; social capital and collective action; education, training, and information availability; and livelihood diversification withasset accumulation. Promising strategies for improvedlivelihood resilience include promoting agroforestry, small-scale irrigation, digital literacy, farmer-producer organisations, and institutional support.The review callsfor standardised measurementframeworks, context-sensitive policies addressingstructural vulnerabilities, and longitudinal research that prioritises marginalised farmersin vulnerable ecosystems; thereby fostering multi-stakeholder efforts for resilient farmer livelihoods in the future.