Malaysia’s Status and Strategies in Mitigating the Invasive Aquatic Species for Biofouling Management

Abstract

Biofouling is increasingly recognised as a major vector for the invasive aquatic species introduction (IAS), posing threats to marine biodiversity, national economic
sectors, and public health. In Malaysia, the rapid growth of maritime activities, particularly in high-traffic zones, such as the Straits of Malacca, has elevated the
risk of IAS transmission. This paper aims at assessing the national status assessment of biofouling management in Malaysia. Through literature reviews and focus
group interview involving 67 respondents, this study investigates existing regulatory frameworks, examines pathways of biofouling and IAS transfer, and evaluates
vulnerable marine sectors and ecosystems. The findings reveal that there is a need of a cohesive national framework to address biofouling risks, with current
measures focused on ballast water management. Regulatory gaps, enforcement challenges, limited stakeholder coordination, and infrastructure constraints
contribute to the situation. Sensitive marine habitats, including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrasses, and Ramsar-designated sites, remain particularly vulnerable.
The study concludes by proposing a National Biofouling Strategy that integrates international guidelines with domestic policy mechanisms, enhances monitoring
and enforcement capabilities, fosters inter-agency collaboration, and supports capacity-building initiatives. Through this strategic approach, Malaysia can better
protect its marine biodiversity, sustain its maritime industries, and align with global commitments on environmental protection.