Hardened and Durability Parametrs of Concrete Incorporating Industrial By-Products and Agricultural Wastes: A Review

Abstract

Notably, concrete is the commonly utilized material in construction purpose, yet its production entails the consumption of substantial
quantities of cement and natural aggregates. Cement production adds a large share of carbon dioxide emissions, and extracting
aggregates harms the environment. Incorporating industrial by products and agricultural residues into concrete has become a pivotal
sustainable construction strategy. On top of that, this review examines the hardened and durability properties of concrete adding fly
ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, waste glass powder, recycled aggregates, rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash,
palm oil fuel ash, coconut shell, and other agricultural residues. On top of that, studies show that properly treated waste can improve
compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, chloride resistance, sulphate resistance, water absorption, sorptivity, and
microstructure. However, using too much replacement often weakens the material because of dilution, poor particle packing, high
porosity, or weak zones where materials meet, in real world settings. Many research finding revealed that optimum replacement levels
vary by material, with 10-20% for rice husk ash, 5-15% for sugarcane bagasse ash, 10-30% for fly ash, 20-50% for GGBS, 5-15% for
silica fume, and 10-20% for waste glass powder. On top of that, recycled aggregates and lightweight agricultural aggregates may
diminish compressive strength, yet they can still be employed effectively when combined with pozzolanic materials or through
judicious adjustments to mix design. Overall, waste-based concrete can attain satisfactory mechanical performance and durability,
provided that material quality, fineness, calcination temperature, replacement level, curing regimen, and water binder ratio are
meticulously controlled.