Effect of Brushing on the Gloss, Surface Roughness, and Hardness of Ivoclar Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill Composite

Abstract

Dental composites such as Ivoclar Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill are widely used in restorative dentistry due to their favorable aesthetic and mechanical properties. However, their long-term performance may be affected by routine oral hygiene practices such as tooth brushing. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated brushing on the gloss, surface roughness, and hardness of Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill composite. Five composite disc samples were prepared and subjected to 5000 brushing cycles using a toothpaste slurry to simulate approximately one year of clinical use. Gloss, surface roughness, and hardness were measured before and after brushing using a gloss meter, profilometer, and microhardness tester, respectively. The results showed a slight reduction in gloss (8.54 to 8.42), a significant increase in surface roughness (22.5 μm to 29.3 μm), and a notable decrease in hardness (30.3–28.6 to 24.7–17.9) following brushing simulation. Increased roughness may promote plaque accumulation, while reduced hardness indicates compromised wear resistance. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that repetitive brushing adversely affects both the aesthetic and mechanical properties of Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill composites, highlighting the need for improved material formulations and careful oral hygiene practices to ensure long-term clinical success.